Statute of Limitations on Debt in Arizona
Every consumer debt in Arizona has a statute of limitations (SOL) -- a cutoff after which a creditor generally cannot sue to collect. The SOL depends on the type of debt and the terms of the underlying contract.
This page summarizes the Arizona SOL matrix, revival rules (what restarts the clock), and bankruptcy's effect on SOL tolling.
Arizona SOL Matrix
| Debt Type | Arizona SOL (years) |
|---|---|
| Written contract | 6 |
| Oral contract | 3 |
| Promissory note | 6 |
| Open account (credit card) | 3 |
| Medical debt | 6 |
| Judgment lifespan | 5 |
Source note: AZ judgment life is 5 years, renewable. Partial payment restarts SOL only with written acknowledgment.
Every Arizona collections defense begins by identifying the SOL for the specific debt type and then tracing the accrual date -- usually the date of last payment or the date of default on a written contract.
Written Contract SOL: 6 Years
Most credit agreements, loan documents, and written contracts fall under the 6-year written-contract SOL. This covers:
- Personal loans with signed promissory notes.
- Auto loans and retail installment contracts.
- Mortgage deficiency claims (in many states).
- Student loans (if private; federal student loans have no SOL).
The 6-year clock starts running from the date of default or last payment, whichever is later under Arizona law. See the full state guide.
Credit Card Debt SOL in Arizona: 3 Years
Credit card debt is usually treated as an open account or "account stated" under Arizona law, with a 3-year SOL. However, some creditors argue the applicable period is the longer written-contract SOL because a cardmember agreement was signed.
The choice-of-law clause in the cardmember agreement frequently designates Delaware, South Dakota, or Utah. Arizona courts apply the "borrowing statute" -- if the foreign SOL is shorter, it may apply.
Medical Debt SOL in Arizona: 6 Years
Arizona medical debt is usually governed by the open-account or written-contract SOL (depending on whether the patient signed a financial responsibility form). Typical effective SOL: 6 years.
Medical debt also benefits from federal and state protections that predate litigation: 501(r) financial-assistance policies, the CFPB 2025 Medical Debt Rule on credit reporting, and the No Surprises Act. See medical debt SOL and Arizona medical debt rights.
Judgment Lifespan in Arizona: 5 Years
Once a creditor obtains a judgment, a new clock starts: the judgment's lifespan or dormancy period. In Arizona, a judgment lasts approximately 5 years before it must be renewed.
Renewal procedures vary: some states require a new action; others allow a motion to revive. A renewed judgment can restart the clock for additional years. For a Arizona debtor facing an old but renewed judgment, bankruptcy may discharge the underlying liability even if the judgment is still "live."
Revival and Tolling in Arizona
The SOL clock does not always run steadily from default to expiration. Arizona law recognizes several revival (restart) and tolling (pause) events:
- Partial payment - in most states, any payment restarts the clock. A few states require written acknowledgment in addition.
- Written acknowledgment - a signed letter acknowledging the debt typically restarts the clock.
- Promise to pay - oral promises vary in effect; written promises are usually effective.
- Out-of-state residence - while the debtor is out of state, SOL may toll.
- Active-duty military service - SCRA Section 3936 tolls SOL during active service.
- Bankruptcy stay - tolled during the pendency of the automatic stay.
Bankruptcy Stay Effect on Arizona SOL
Under 11 U.S.C. Section 108(c), non-bankruptcy SOL is extended for the duration of the automatic stay plus 30 days, for any claim against the debtor. This means that filing bankruptcy does not end the underlying SOL; it pauses it.
For a Arizona debtor, the practical implication:
- Filing bankruptcy stops collection immediately.
- If the case is dismissed before discharge, the creditor has the remaining SOL plus 30 days to sue.
- If the debt is discharged, the underlying SOL is moot -- the debt is no longer legally enforceable regardless of SOL.
SOL as a Defense in Arizona Collection Suits
SOL is an affirmative defense in Arizona. That means the debtor must plead it in the answer to a collection suit; if not pleaded, it is typically waived.
A Arizona debtor served with a collection suit should:
- Identify the date of default or last payment.
- Identify the SOL for the debt type (see table above).
- If SOL has run, file a written answer asserting SOL as an affirmative defense.
- File a motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment on SOL grounds.
SOL, FDCPA, and Junk-Debt Buyers in Arizona
Under the federal FDCPA and CFPB guidance, a debt collector cannot:
- File suit on a time-barred debt.
- Threaten to sue on a time-barred debt.
- Misrepresent the SOL status in dunning letters.
In Arizona, dunning letters on time-barred debt must include clear disclosures that the debt cannot be sued on. Violations can be FDCPA statutory damages of up to $1,000 plus attorney fees, and in many states similar claims under state UDAP.